Disease-resistant corals can help 'rescue' vulnerable ones.

Under the right living arrangement, disease-resistant corals can help "rescue" corals that are more vulnerable to disease, found a study from the University of California, Davis, that monitored a disease outbreak at a coral nursery in Little Cayman, Cayman Islands.

The study, published in the journal Scientific Reports, found that when people grow corals of the same genotype -- or genetic makeup -- together, those corals are more vulnerable to disease than corals that grow among a mixture of genotypes. The study further found that some vulnerable corals can be "rescued" by resistant genotypes.

"We saw that some corals were more resistant to disease just by being around other corals that were particularly resistant," said lead author Anya Brown, an assistant professor at the UC Davis Bodega Marine Laboratory in the Department of Evolution and Ecology. "Proximity to these resistant genotypes helped buffer the susceptible corals from the effects of the disease."

Caribbean staghorn coral show signs of white band disease. The disease first appears as white bands on live corals, and the infected tissue sloughs off, leaving only the coral's skeleton (Photo credit: Dagny Anastassiou/CCMI).

The findings provide further evidence that genetic diversity can help reduce disease transmission among corals, while also showing that it's important to consider how corals are arranged in nurseries and reef restoration projects to prevent the spread of disease.

Coral exam

After an outbreak of white band disease spread through its coral nursery in Little Cayman, the nonprofit Central Caribbean Marine Institute worked together with the study's academic authors to monitor its population of endangered Caribbean staghorn coral, A. cervicornis.

White band disease infects endangered A. cervicornis, a Caribbean staghorn coral (Photo credit: Dagny Anastassiou/CCMI).

Before the outbreak, the nursery had attached coral fragments to plastic PVC frames to propagate them. Some frames held coral from a single donor colony. Other frames hosted corals from multiple donor colonies representing a mixture of genotypes.

After tracking the presence of the disease across 650 coral fragments for more than five months, the researchers found that corals living on frames with a mixture of genotypes were substantially more resistant to white band disease, a devastating bacterial disease that nearly wiped out A. cervicornis in the 1980s.

Diversity and disease resistance

The ability of resistant coral to help protect vulnerable individuals is similar to how vaccinations work among humans: Vaccinated individuals resist a disease, erecting a barrier that weakens its ability to move through them and on to the next susceptible person.

As for the genetic diversity piece, agricultural lands provide another comparison: Monocrops, where the same crop is planted in the same place each year, tend to be more susceptible to disease than diverse systems. This research suggests a similar dynamic is at play among the ocean's coral reefs.

An ideal arrangement

Brown hopes these concepts and this study will be integrated into coral nursery and reef restoration projects.

"I hope people working with coral nurseries use this as a springboard to see how this influences the spread of disease," Brown said. "Nurseries that intentionally arrange corals with mixtures of genotypes can help corals vulnerable to disease thrive. This can help build coral resilience by repopulating reefs with a diverse genetic mixture of corals."

The study's co-authors include Dagny-Elise Anastasiou, Sophia MacVittie and Carrie Manfrino of Central Caribbean Marine Institute; Monica Schul, Lindsay Spiers and Julie Meyer of University of Florida; and Thomas Frazer of University of South Florida.

The study was financially supported by the John H. and Katherine C. Ewel Fellowship, the University of Florida and the Central Caribbean Marine Institute.

Journal Reference:
Anya L. Brown, Dagny-Elise Anastasiou, Monica Schul, Sophia MacVittie, Lindsay J. Spiers, Julie L. Meyer, Carrie Manfrino, Thomas K. Frazer. Mixtures of genotypes increase disease resistance in a coral nursery. Scientific Reports, 2022; 12 (1) DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23457-6