A group of international marine scientists has compiled the most comprehensive assessment of how ocean warming is affecting the mix of species in our oceans – and explained how some marine species manage to keep their cool.
Researchers from the UK, Japan, Australia, USA, Germany, Canada, South Africa and New Zealand analysed three million records of thousands of species from 200 ecological communities across the globe.
Reviewing data from 1985 – 2014, the team led by Prof Michael Burrows of the Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS) in Oban showed how subtle changes in the movement of species that prefer cold-water or warm-water, in response to rising temperatures, made a big impact on the global picture.
The findings, published in the journal Nature Climate Change show how warm-water species increase and cold-water marine species become less successful as the global temperature rises. However, the study also suggests that some cold-water species will continue to thrive by seeking refuge in cooler, deeper water.
Prof Burrows said: “The global picture shows what we suspected was happening: changes in the composition of communities exactly reflect ocean warming. However, within these communities are subtle changes that make a huge, and previously unknown, difference to the bigger picture.”
Prof Hiddink, who contributed to the study from Bangor University’s School of Ocean Sciences said: “This research shows that shifts in the fished species in response to climate change are predictable, giving the fisheries industry and ecosystems managers a opportunity to anticipate and prepare for these changes”
The truly global study looked at data from the North Atlantic, Western Europe, Newfoundland and the Labrador Sea, east coast USA, the Gulf of Mexico, and the North Pacific from California to Alaska.
While the global warming trend was widely seen, the North Atlantic showed the largest rise in average temperature during the time period. However, for fish communities in the Labrador Sea, where the temperature at 100 metres deep can be as much as five degrees Celsius cooler than the surface, moving deeper in the water column allowed the cold-water species to remain successful.
Prof Burrows added: “For the period from 1985 – 2014 we created the equivalent of an electoral poll in the ocean, showing swings between types of fish and plankton normally associated with either cold or warm habitats. As species increase in number and move into, or decline and leave, a particular ecological community, the make-up of that community will change in a predictable way.
“Most of the data collected were targeted surveys of commercial fish stocks, so the changes seen reflect those likely to be seen in fish markets as cold-water fish like cod and haddock decline while warm-water species like red mullet increase with warming.
"There has been a temperature rise of almost one degree Celsius in some parts of the ocean since 1985, a significant change in just three decades, says Prof Burrows.
“While this may not sound like a big change, it has a considerable impact on species that may already be on, or close to, their maximum temperature tolerance. A gradual temperature change like the one we are witnessing is not going to cause extinctions overnight but it is affecting the success of many species, not least zooplankton such as copepods, which are crucial to the ocean food web.”
Journal reference: Burrows, M.T., Bates, A.E., Costello, M.J. et al. Ocean community warming responses explained by thermal affinities and temperature gradients. Nature Climate Change (2019) doi:10.1038/s41558-019-0631-5
Story by the Scottish Association for Marine Science
